Chapter 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 8 - Assignment Example They still stay at home because they can be easily being managed in the home environment. This is also called the day treatment (Simpson, 2004). This is a resource-intense high level of care, for those patients with high levels of addiction who need 24 hours of care because of their mental health, addictive behavior, and medical needs. This is to make recovery possible and take less time. They may be unable to avoid substance abuse due to the home environment or psychiatric (Simpson, 2004). This program includes the residents and staff and all members of the community and teaches social responsibilities and coping skill. A case manager’s role is to ensure that an individual reaches his optimum level of wellness and functionality within his environment. They assess the needs of patients and family and coordinate care services. This includes counseling, education, rehabilitation, nutrition and transportation. Case managers also to ensure that provision of care is in the most comprehensive and cost-effective manner for the individual family and his insurance providers (Zehner, 2012). They monitor the continuity of care and serve as an advocate for the individual. A counselor serves as a therapist to family groups, individuals, and couples. Counselors do not plan and coordinate care but are part of the care plan for those seeing a case manager. They do not treat mental illness or provide medication but provide advice and tools for coping with certain situations, for example, health challenges, disabilities, and relationships (Zehner, 2012). A national review of state alcohol and drug treatment programs and certification standards for substance abuse counselors and preventive professionals. The standards used are the client’s rights, governance of the program, and payment to the program, environmental sanitation, statistical reporting, client’s case reports and quality of care reviews (Zehner,

Business Ethics when Marketing to Children Research Paper

Business Ethics when Marketing to Children - Research Paper Example It will also examine reasons why marketers aim at children and why children are easily lured into some advertisements (Hadjiphani, et al, 2008). Smith (2010) indicates that ethics in marketing applies to diverse fields such as in advertising, pricing and promotion. Numerous analysts and marketers agree that children are marketers best friend. In the year 2007, Media Channel underlined the fact that in the United States, approximately two billion dollars was spent on promotions to children. Another disclosure from the study is that children really affect the items their parents buy. Despite all this, possible revenues that children can provide to manufacturers and their marketers, there are vital ethical matters that arise. Clay (2000) argues that advertising is an enormous, multi-million dollar project that is having a huge influence on child growth and development. The complete volume of advertising is increasing speedily and invading fresh areas of childhood like schools. The consequence is an outbreak of worldly standards among children and a narcissistic injuring of the children. Psychologists are providing information to marketers that they are using to raise profits rather than help children. Smith (2010) agrees that some businesses have become dishonorable for the use of psychologists in their advertising and promotion campaigns. Usually what such companies do is that when attempting to create a marketing strategy, they engage psychologist to advice them about approaches that they can use to manipulate children. Psychologists help marketers to generate operations that openly aim at children and those ones that effortlessly influence their options since they understand the way a childs mind work s. Akhtar (2009) asserts that Children are likely to be more susceptible to psychological enticements and strong images since their awareness about products, the media, and selling

Directional style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Directional style - Essay Example This turned away, for example, neorealism of the 40, where the world was shown as it was, without manipulation. In many films of Alfred Hitchcock we may notice something in common, which makes these movies together, making them look alike, to distinguish from the films of other directors and, thus, allow us to speak about the auteurs style of Hitchcock. Hitchcock Style manifested in the fact that in his motion pictures are often repeated certain plot motifs, method of presentation the audience, the technique of shooting, type of actors and so on. Some films of Hitchcock (especially early ones) are out of the general track - so they can be called unusual, in style, in contrast to the typical, "real" films of Hitchcock. From his first film Hitchcock had already demonstrated the ability to transfer all the details of the plot with the help of purely cinematic techniques. For example, in the film "The Tenant" is a scene in which the hostess points out that her new lodger nervously walks to his room on the second floor and it is suspicious. Hitchcock shoots the landlady, gazing somewhere upstairs. Then he shows us hanging on the ceiling chandelier, swinging from side to side. Then he inserts a frame in which the ceiling is made of glass and through it can be seen the pacing from one side to the tenant. With this ingenious receiving the viewer sees that is a heroine of the

College Learning Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College Learning Experience - Essay Example Having spent a couple of months in the university, I am confident to say that the experience has already altered my outlook in life and has somehow enriched my maturity. Through my interaction with my classmates and professors, I am now more receptive of the various ideas presented in the classroom and have also learned to distinguish those which are helpful and those which are of less significance. Armed with the little knowledge and skill I have learned so far, I am more determined to finish college and pursue a degree in nursing. The decision to take up nursing is based on my assessment of strength in biological sciences and my desire of sharing my innate passion of enlightening and caring for people. With a higher level of maturity, interest in learning, and time management skill, the first semester proves to be fruitful indicated not only be the higher grades that I am earning but by my social and moral growth.

EU Subsisdies Order Essay Example for Free

EU Subsisdies Order Essay 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction The European Union introduced the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the 1950s, which was aimed at encouraging better productivity in the food chain to ensure that consumers had a stable supply of affordable food and that the EU had a viable agricultural sector. This was essential in post WW2 Western Europe, where societies had been damaged by years of war and the agricultural sector crippled. The CAP in the pre 1990s period offered subsidies and guaranteed prices to farmers by having the EU buy agricultural products whenever the prices fell below specified support levels, in order to provide a production incentive for food products. This policy was backed by tariffs which offset the difference between European and world agricultural prices in order to prevent the CAP from drawing in large quantities of imports. Furthermore, financial assistance for farming investment was provided to facilitate the restructuring of farming, ensuring that farms developed in size, management and technology, improving efficiency and productivity. (Leguen de Lacroix, 2004) Krugman writes that since the 1970s, the support prices set by the European Union was so high that Europe which would have been an importer of most agricultural products under free trade, was producing more agricultural products than consumers were willing to buy. This resulted in the EU being obligated to buy and store huge quantities of food, and at the 1985, European nations had stored 780,000 tons of beef, 1.2 million tons of butter and 12 million tons of wheat. This forced the EU to adopt a policy of subsidizing agricultural imports to dispose of this surplus stock and production, in order to avoid unlimited growth in stockpiles. (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2006) He further records the CAP as costing European taxpayers a staggering $50 billion in 2002, which does not include the indirect costs to food consumers as a result of higher prices. Government subsidies to European farmers were also equal to about 36 percent of the value of farm output, twice the U.S figure. The EU (European Trade) Commission announced that it would be phasing-out all export subsidies currently granted to exporters in the European Union in 18 December 2005. In this paper, the possible effects of this phasing out of export subsidies will be discussed and analyzed, together with the policy implications and appropriate policy changes that should be made along with the phasing out of export subsidies. A Theory of Export Subsidies Here a theory of export subsidies will be discussed within the field of international economics, in order to analyze the effects of export subsidies in theory on trade and economies, as well as to construct a framework from which the phasing out of the EU export subsidies can be discussed. The application of an export subsidy is just like any other subsidy – the exporters receive a higher price (by the amount of the subsidy) than what is actually paid by the foreign purchaser. Given this price obtainable for the exported good, producer of the export good in question will not sell in the domestic market at any lower price, so, assuming that consumers are prevented from buying from foreign suppliers at lower world prices, the domestic price facing both producers and consumers is driven up by the subsidy. This tells us that the prices faced by the consumer of agricultural products within the European Union are artificially inflated through the use of export subsidies. The application of export subsidies to large and small countries is different in theory. We consider the EU to be a â€Å"large country† with the power to influence world prices (of the export good). In this case, the increase brought about by the subsidy results in a fall in the world price of the export good – which results in a deterioration in the EU’s terms of trade. In the exporting country, consumers are hurt due to the raise in prices, producers gain, and the government loses because it must expend money on the subsidy. Hence an export subsidy must always reduce economic welfare, and will do so to a larger extent the larger is the country since this will result in a greater adverse terms of trade effect. Removal of the EU Export Subsidy One of the main criticisms of the EU CAP is the charge of â€Å"dumping†, or the exporting of goods at prices far below the cost of production, which Oxfarm claims depresses and destabilizes markets for non-subsiding exporters, especially those in the developing world. It suggests that the EU export subsidies should be removed so that such practices would not be so prevalent. However, the EU export subsidies cannot be eliminated without changing agricultural policies which encourage and boost production. Removal of export subsidies without agricultural policy reform would cause a build up of unmanageable stocks of beef, coarse grains and dairy products, which is costly to the Government. The Government would also incur huge losses if these stocks had to be disposed of on the domestic market. Therefore the removal of export subsidies would have to be accompanied by agricultural reform, which could take many forms. An example would be the implementation of production control through strict production quotas to eliminate surplus production due to the export subsidy, stricter than those that already exist through the CAP. Another policy option would be to reduce support prices. The effects of this would be to increase domestic consumption due to the reduced prices consumer have to pay in the domestic market, as well as a reduction in domestic agricultural production due to the lower price producers receive. Hence the need for export subsidies would diminish, as the potential for a build up of agricultural stock would be reduced. According to a study by Stout, Leetmaa and Normile, the elimination of EU support prices, with tariffs to protect agricultural products against import competition remaining in place, the largest impact within the EU would take place in the diary, coarse grain and beef markets. This is expected since these sectors are where the highest levels of price support are found, and for these agricultural products, as domestic prices fall, production and hence exports decline subsequently. This reduction in EU exports would have the effect of driving up world prices, increasing convergence between previously-distorted EU prices and world prices. The same study referenced above also studied the scenario in which the tariffs which protects the agricultural markets from import competition are eliminated. Such a policy initiative would allow the EU to import agricultural commodities at the world prices, in turn driving down the domestic EU prices of commodities, which are currently protected by heavy tariffs. The impact of tariff elimination would be felt the hardest in the markets where import tariffs are the highest, for example, the sugar, dairy, beef, corn and rice markets. According to another study by the OECD, the elimination of export subsidies has major consequences for much of the EU dairy and livestock product markets. As analyzed previously, the removal of export subsidies would lead to falling domestic prices, production and hence exports, as well as higher domestic consumption of these commodities. The study by OECD also documents that unsubsidized exports rise to replace the subsidized exports, as EU domestic price falls and the world price increases. The OECD writes that the consequence of export subsidy elimination for a commodity is an increase in the world price of the same commodity, as pointed out earlier. Here the OECD carries out a more exhaustive study into this effect, concluding that the magnitude of this effect on world prices depends on the importance of subsidized exports relative to the total volume of trade, and might be offset by cross-commodity effects. There effects are illustrated in the diagram below: The OECD also notes that EU meat exports are small relative to world totals and that not all of its export are subsidized. However the EU dairy product export market is a different story, compromising a much larger share of world markets, with most exports being subsidized. Hence the largest impacts would be felt in the diary markets, with world dairy prices increasing as subsidized exports are eliminated. Finally, the OECD recommends that the appropriate policy response together with an export subsidy elimination, which has the fewest market distorting consequences, is to completely abandon price supports, making use of export subsidy eliminations as an opportunity to accomplish such an aim. This is in agreement with the findings by Stout, Leetmaa and Normile. References Leguen de Lacroix, Eugene, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy Explained’, European Communities, October 2004 OECD, ‘A Forward-Looking Analysis of Export Subsidies in Agriculture’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Oxfarm Briefing Paper, ‘Stop the Dumping : How EU agricultural subsidies are damaging livelihoods in the developing world.’, Oxfarm International Stout, Jim., Leetmaa, Susan. And Normile, Mary Anne. ‘Evaluating EU Agricultural Policy Reform Using the EU WTO Model’, Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay Many of us believe that research is always related to activities that are hidden and mostly strictly confidential from our knowledge and in our daily life (Altinay and Paraskevas, 2006). In addition, majority of us also believed that these activities are held in laboratories, in some aspect this is partly correct, in a sense that the research done by people in laboratories follows certain scientific strategies and methodologies. However, there are also a growing number of individuals such as business managers, marketers, academics and students who at the present time conduct a thorough research outside laboratories in order to develop and produce knowledge relevant to the business world or any particular interest. With this regard, the difference between the researchers are in their research approaches, strategies and philosophies. These differences are their perception of how the knowledge can be created and constructed in a rigorous and meaningful way in order to answer a research problem. (Altinay and Paraskevas 2008:69). Research philosophy is defined as the development of knowledge and the nature of knowledge (Saunders, et al., 2009). The meaning might sound rather profound, however, the author further explained that the basic meaning of the definition is precisely the exact thing every researcher is doing when he or she is conducting a research and that is the will to develop knowledge in a particular field. According to Crossan (2003) on paper about Research Philosophy: Towards and Understanding, (Crossan 2003), there are several reasons on why researchers needs to understand philosophical issues before embarking themselves in a particular field. Easterby-Smith, et al. (2002), identifies three reasons on why there is significance on understanding philosophies in reference to research methodology. The first reason the author added is that by understanding research philosophy the researcher may refine and clarify the research method to be used in their study and consequently help the researchers to gather their evidence and to answer their research questions. Secondly, the knowledge of research philosophy will enable to assist the researchers with different types of methodologies and as such avoiding inappropriate and unrelated works. Lastly, by understanding the basic meaning of research philosophy and understanding its advantages and benefits, it helps the researcher to be more creative and exploratory in their method of research. Saunders, et al. (2009) added, that in research philosophy each researcher follows important views on how they perceived the world. Furthermore, this views and assumptions will greatly affect the research strategy and methodology a researcher chooses as part of its approach. Research methods can be described and classified into different levels (Clark, 1998). In addition, Saunders, et al. (2009) also pointed out that the levels of research methods a researcher should adopt will contain his or her views about the world. These views will actually support the researchers judgment on which research method the researcher should choose as a part of its strategy (Saunders, et al., 2009). In the social science world however, there is an ongoing debate to which is the most appropriate standpoint from the views of positivism and the non-positivism/ interpretativism (Saunders, et al., 2009). According to Saunders, et al. (2009), if a researcher reflects the philosophy or the views of positivism, then most probably the researcher will take on the philosophical instance of natural scientist. Positivism according to Veal (2006) is a framework of research similar to the views and assumptions adopted by natural scientist, in which the researchers view the people and its behaviour as phenomena to be studied, using facts and observations as its strategy to explain the phenomena. Saunders, et al., (2009) also added that positivism views mostly prefer working in an observable social reality and will have an end product research similar to those produced by a natural scientist. Furthermore, researcher with positivism views will only observe a phenomenon which is observable and will end up producing credible data. In addition, the author also argued that one of the essential elements of a positivist approach is that the views of the researcher are not influenced on value of judgements. Interpretivism on the other hand, strongly believes that it is imperative for a researcher to understand the factors and differences between humans in our role as social actors (Saunders, et al., 2009). To clarify, the author further discussed that these belief is plainly to emphasise the difference between conducting research among people rather than materials or object. Saunders, et al.( 2009) also argued that the complexity of the position of interpretivism comes from two intellectual traditions namely; phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. To explain, the author identifies phenomenology as referring to the way the human beings make sense to the world and the surrounding, while the symbolic interactionism, the human being are in the continual process of interpreting the surrounding social world. In social world, Smith (1998) argued that positivism is most probably the most important attempt in order to have authoritative knowledge. The author also added that the positive approach to social sciences is more of a scientific method because a researcher with positivism philosophy will always assume that everything and every phenomenon can be studied as hard facts and as such establish scientific laws. Although, for some researchers they believe that it is imperative to use the traditional approach of research such as the naturalist or scientific method in order to explain phenomena or any occurrence in the physical and life science (Remenyi, et al., 1998). The author also argued that many scholars however, have proven a point that this is not entirely appropriate to study human beings or the organisations they have created. This point was clearly illustrated on Carr 1967 (cited in, Remenyi et al., 1998:94). I do not wish to suggest that the interference of the social scientist or of the historian can match that of physical scientist in precision, or that their inferiority in this respect is due merely to the greater backwardness of the social sciences. The Human being is on any view the most complex entity known to us, and the study of his behaviour may well involve differences in kind from those confronting the physical scientists. With this regard, many would argue that the study of phenomenology or sometimes called non-positivism is more appropriate method or strategy in order to study peoples behaviour and their organisation (Remenyi, et al, 1998). The author further argued that researchers that has phenomenological views does not deny the importance and relevance of positivism in the study of physical life and sciences, after all, if not because of positivism there will be no enlightenment to the development material reality of the twentieth-century, such as heart transplant and space travels. However, despite the importance of the positivism views, they have poor insights when explaining, why people hate their jobs and most of the time complains about everything, why customer service is normally poor, or why is it that most of employees are motivated with achievement and some are not (Remenyi, et al., 1998). Research Approach According to Saunders, et al. (2009) research approaches are mainly based on the research philosophies, whereby the deductive approach is commonly used by researchers with traditional natural scientific views (positivism), while inductive approach is usually based on phenomenology (interpretivism). Sometimes these research paradigms or approaches are used together in research to explain better an occurrence or phenomena (Gilner, et al., 20000). Furthermore, a deductive approach is an extremely influential and intellectual approach, in which conceptual and theoretical framework is developed and tested using empirical observation (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). An inductive research on the other hand is an approach whereby, the theory is developed from observing an empirical reality, which is typically oppose the deductive method (Hussey and Hussey,1997). Research Strategies Selecting an appropriate research strategy is key to ensuring that research questions are addressed in a way which has value and is congruent with the overall topic, questions and purpose of research (Palliative Medicine 2004; 18:677-684).In relation to, Saunders, et al. (2009) added that most of the research strategies belongs to deductive approach. The author also argued that even it is imperative to allocate strategies, it is important to remember that there is no superior or inferior type of strategy, all strategies are important to every researcher; however, their use will entirely depend on the field of study the researcher will embark on. According to Robson (1993) there are three traditional research strategies, namely; Experiment, Survey and Case Studies. However, Saunders, et al., (2009) added that research strategies should not be restricted on one strategy per study; it is also possible that survey strategy can be as part of case study. Apart from the relation of experiment to natural and social sciences, Saunders, et al. (2009) also defines experiment as, the study of casual links between an independent and dependent variable. Therefore, experiments are commonly use as a basis of explanatory research in answering the questions how and why. Survey is a popular strategy in conducting a research, as it allows a large amount collection of data from a chosen sample (Saunders, et al., 2009). Additionally, the author also pointed out that survey is essential in the collection of quantitative data whereby the researcher can analyse the data quantitatively by using inferential statistics. The last on the tradition research strategies according to Saunders, et al. (2009), is the case study; the author identifies this research method as commonly used in social sciences in order to have a more in-depth study of a particular individual or a group for that matter. Approach for this Study In the past, many scholars and researchers considered positivism as the correct scientific paradigm to the study of marketing (Carson, et al., 2001). This argument has also been supported by European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994, whereby the author suggested that the researchers needs to rethink the marketing research methods and answer questions such as, why do qualitative studies lack of acceptance in marketing? (Hunt,1994:13-25). According to (Carson, et al., 2001), after the aggressive and long time debate about the relevance of the approaches of scientific theories on the marketing study (see for example the European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994), the author considers the qualitative research method in the perspective of marketing as a suitable research approach for this study. In addition, Carson, et al. (2001) also discussed that interpretivsim is more suitable in the study of marketing as its approach to is in a more personal level in answering the problems in social field such as understanding the reality. Furthermore, the author also identified its position to marketing research as skewed toward interpretive end of the spectrum. (See figure 1) SPECTRUM.jpg Figure 1. The authors position to marketing research (Adapted from Carson, et al. (2009:14) In terms or research strategy, Bonoma (1985) argued that case study is a popular method amongst many marketers. In addition, the author defines case study as a well-suited approach to marketing, moreover, the pattern of case study strategy in the field of marketing is highly recognise as means to generate exploratory insights.

Procurement Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Procurement Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry Procurement is an important function to ensure meets its organizational goals. While Procurement is a support function for the organization, it is nevertheless a core function and critical to enhancing programme/project delivery. Procurement is a part of the process of achieving development project outcomes. Therefore all procurement activities are framed in the context of programmes and projects. So the Procurement is a managerial discipline in this function need to acquire and enhance certain managerial skills, tools, and including procurement risk management, procurement strategies development and procurement planning. Therefore the main benefits approach of procurement risk assessment, procurement strategies development and procurement planning serve as a bridge to cover the gap between programme and operations. They are also critical to programme delivery. Benefits of this approach include Best value for money, timely procurement; avoid unnecessary and unjustifiable emergencies, better allocation of existing resources, sufficient time to fully explore alternative procurement approaches, possibility to aggregate demand. So in Procurement successful criteria is that Joint Planning between programme and procurement in the early stages, Good flow of communication, understanding of the procurement requirements, understanding of the market and associated risks, live process with structured revisions and feedback mechanisms. In perception of researcher the procurement planning programme is very essential for fulfilment requirement of production demand and achieving goals for marketing and save the risk and shortage of availability of quality products production and marketing respectively. So the procurement development should be improving gradually with the strategies. Construct Definition Procurement: responsible for acquiring the goods and services necessary for the company. Sometimes organized as: Procurement is the acquisition of goods and/or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quality and quantity, at the right time, in the right place and from the right source for the direct benefit or use of corporations, individuals, or even governments, generally via a contract, or it can be the same way selection for human resource. Simple procurement may involve nothing more than repeat purchasing. Complex procurement could involve finding long term partners or even co-destiny suppliers that might fundamentally commit one organization to another. Procurement can refer to buying, outsourcing, etc of any resources. (www.wikipedia.com) Procurement Strategy: determines the company needs and plans for acquiring the necessary raw materials and services for the company. Procurement strategy is a identification of need, defining of specification, defining contractual terms, sourcing the market, supplier appraisal, inviting quotes/tenders, analysing quotes/tenders, Negotiation where applicable, contract award/order placement, receive, evaluation of suppler, review of supplier performance, payment , vender rating two way feedback . (www.brentwood.com) Background Information In any organization, procurement strategies playing a vital role. Without procurement not only fulfils the requirement but also stop the production plan of any organization. So, the procurement structure is very important in any organization. So we study the pharmaceutical industry and its procedure of procurement. Different companies have different mode of procurement procedures. In this procurement procedure, the pharmaceutical companies receive the services or goods in raw shapes through supply chain system like import and local procurement system. Researcher is a Senior Procurement Officer in Star Laboratories (PVT) LTD. Lahore which is handling all Local Raw Materials, Packing Materials, Miscellaneous Items and any other special assignment of high management. Therefore we discuss the little introduction of Star Laboratories (PVT.) LTD. Star Laboratories was registered in Lahore in 1960 as a partnership concern being a very small unit. Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. having a very large unit with a covered area of 86061 stf having an authorized capital of Rs.30 million and paid up capital of Rs.20 million. Star Labs growth has been unprecedented. 1978 a Milestone when Star Labs was incorporated as a limited company emerged in the national streamline of growing pharmaceutical industry of the country and this achievement is still maintained in improving quality stability and reliability of veterinary and human products. Stars greatest asset is its human resource with present strength of more than 700 employees. Star believes that they have achieved this landmark with the loyalty honesty and hard work of their human resource. A new era started in 1970 when Star started and multiplying their veterinary products by a margin to multinational with the aim and target to provide our 80% population of rural area the veterinary products for livestock development at a low and reasonable price for the prosperity and ease of our poor country competing the multinational. Star is the market leader in Veterinary medicines producing almost complete range of veterinary products. A break through came in 1995 when Star was shifted to the new modem well equipped pharmaceutical plant at 23-Km, Multan road, Lahore with a refreshing aim of serving nationally and acting globally. Professionals from the field of pharmacy business administration carry out manufacturing at Star in accordance with the rule of Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) following international standards of quality management systems. From incoming raw and packing material, to in-process control till the finished goods, Quality Control Department intervenes at every stage to check the standard and the methodology of manufacturing. Stars reputation over a reasonable span of 44 years has opened new horizons for its veterinary products in global connection for exports to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Sudan, U.A.E, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Kenya, Yemen, Mauritius, Mauritania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Guyana and Somalia. Research Question or Problem Statement or Objectives Research Questions RQ1: How to decrease the issues, cost and save wastage of time of procurement structure? RQ2: How to improve in time delivery of quality Product and remove barriers structure and to develop standard by procurement strategies? RQ3: How to reduce the supply chain problems and enhancing the Source of suppliers for acquiring quality product with standard? Research Objectives To enhance the quality production of product, reduce the cost and improves the structure of procurement with strategic mode continuously. To mitigate shortage of quality goods or services and rejection. To compare past and present procedure and findings of other companies rule and development of procurement strategies. Scope and Limitations of Study Proposed study will be conducted in Star Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd with population of 700 employees a sample 120 employee for sales and marketing sector will be chooseed on the basis of convenient sampling. There could be following limitation of the study that can be observed during interviews and questionnaires sessions. Data will be collected only from procurement department and Production. Researcher role in Star Laboratories may subject to limitation. No body can receive the data form import department due to some limitations. Respondents are from procurement department because every body spend of their time in their work and may not give the information about work. In procurement department very difficult to manage rejected products cause wastage of time and delay in production. Researcher biasness is of most important nature for researcher the respondents State of mind equally important When researcher receives the data from many respondents may be not educated so that cause of difficulties If we receive the information from the procurement department the limitations imposed by account department so that information con not received. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Procurement is the process of acquiring goods, works and services covering both acquisitions from third parties and from in-house providers. The process spans the whole cycle from identification of needs, through to the end of a services contract or the end of the useful life of the asset. It involves options appraisal and the critical make or buy decision. This strategy provides the framework for the management of procurement activity within the Council to ensure it is taken forward in the most cost effective and efficient manner to deliver value for money. (www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com) Sustainable procurement is the process of integrating these environmental, social, and economic factors into purchasing decisions. This Strategy provides a blueprint to implement sustainable procurement at the City of Portland and Multnomah County. It will move local government beyond the current state of ad hoc, often contradictory, inconsistently applied policies. It will move local government toward purchasing decisions that promote the long-term interests of the community. (www.portlandonline.com) Procurement Strategies is the important in every organization because without purchasing goods respondents can not run the production. So, the Procurement procedure is playing an important role in the industry. In this function, managerial discipline is that need to acquire goods or services, enhance managerial skills, knowledge about procurement and tools. The process of procurement is that firstly requisition prepares on demand of the Stores, Productions and quality control department. After the requisition receiving the procurement department take quotation from the specific suppliers on demand but specific work caring on order making and inventory system. So the major function of procurement department making the planning, programming and developing the procedure by strategic manners. The aim of this theoretical study is to create a general framework for procurement strategy formulation and, in particular, present how to create and implement a procurement strategy. The framework suggested in this study will result from a study of various approaches discussed in the literature. The traditional perspective, as presented in the competitive strategy literature, finds the buyer-supplier relationship in terms of both parties competing with each other. The new approaches such as JIT, partnership sourcing and lean purchasing present quite a different perspective in terms of partnership. The central theme of this study is that, to be successful, the procurement management should use both approach. (Veli-Matti Virolainen, July 1999) As companies attempt to shed old habits and begin to view procurement as a strategic resource from which a competitive advantage can be gained, there is a great deal of corporate baggage that must be shed. More importantly, there is a new mindset that must be instilled both in procurement and across the firm. Strategic supply symbolizes the importance of enterprise wide thinking where functional units inside the firm and key suppliers from the firms supply chain all work in concert to bring value to the marketplace. This paper presents data from the US and the UK that helps us better understand and address issues that are key to managing across independent supply chain partners. We also address some of the barriers to implementing such a supply strategy. These barriers exist inside the firm as well as between the firms at its key suppliers. Whilst we acknowledge that progress is being made, however the data suggest that the journey is far from over. (Paul D Cousinsa and Robert Spekma nb, January 2003) As more evidence indicates that a corporation is very much defined by its purchases and benefited by its close partnership with the suppliers, the sourcing decision becomes increasingly important in the firms growth and profit. This paper synthesizes the available sourcing alternatives into four categories, namely multiple sourcing, single sourcing, single/dual hybrid or network sourcing, and global sourcing, and provides a comprehensive review of these purchasing methods based on extensive literature. Besides the discussion of the pros and cons, the paper focuses on the underlying factors that determine the preference and suitability of each sourcing option. In addition, with the note that numerous companies are switching to do business on a global basis, we attempt to use China as an example to examine global sourcing from the standpoints of both buyer and supplier. (Amy Zhaohui Zeng, 2000) Global procurement is not a simple or easy solution to a companys sourcing needs. With new markets and changing competitors challenging established business, global sourcing is now offering an opportunity for organizations to meet these challenges on a global basis. Discusses the varied interpretations and significance of global sourcing as an ingredient of success, emphasizing the link between world-class production/quality, marketing and procurement. From these discussions and empirical evidence, provides a matrix of management choices to facilitate the selection of worldwide sourcing strategies most appropriate to corporate goals. (Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, 1994) Industrial procurement is arguably that part of strategy which should have a customer focus. The recent attention to such strategies in a variety of commercial and government contexts, has grown much faster than detailed understanding of how sourcing decisions are made and their implications for organisations. This paper provides an overview of empirical research into sourcing decisions made in organisations. (Michael Quayle, May 2000) Chapter 3 Methods and Procedures Research Methodology Researcher receives previous data which contains on Quantitative research and Qualitative. In my opinion which receive current data Quantitative (Survey based), Qualitative (Interviews), to explore the procurement strategies in selected Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd The researcher will conduct the proposed study using a questionnaire for collection of a primary data. The secondary data will be collected from research articles, different web sites etc. Current Quantitative Research Survey Instrument Copy of the survey instrument is attached (see appendix). Sampling Techniques A non probability convenience sampling technique will be used for selection of the sample from the target population of Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd Sample Size Respondent of my study will be about 120 Respondents. This study of procurement strategies based on managers, officers, production pharmacists, store incharges, marketing sales officers who are working in the Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. Data Collection Procurement strategies data will be collected through interview survey, telephonic conversation and the questionnaire. This data will be distributed by the researcher himself. Data will be collected from different people who based on procurement strategies and the respondents will be contacted personally. The respondents will work at different departments and convenience sampling method will be used in this study of procurement strategies. Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Representation Data Analysis Data will be analysed by using Microsoft Excel to apply specific formulas and find mean, standard deviation, variance etc. Chapter 5 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Details of findings recommendations and conclusions will be explained in this chapter. References (Availableunderhttp://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/249), page accessed February 18, 2010 (www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com), Procurement Strategy, Delivery of fast glass public services, 2009 2012 March/April 2009. (www.portlandonline.com), Document Prepared by the Sustainable Procurement Steering Committee March 20, 2002 (www.saworks.com), Procurement definitions: www.saworks.sa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx page accessed February 8, 2010 Amy Zhaohui Zeng, A synthetic study of sourcing strategies, Industrial Management Data Systems, MCB UP Ltd, Year: 2000 Volume: 100 Page: 219 226 Gadde, L.-E., Hakansson, H. (1994), The changing role of purchasing: reconsidering three strategic issues, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.27-35 Leenders, M. (1998), The problem with purchasing savings, Proceedings of 2nd Worldwide Symposium, London, pp.343. Lian, P.C.S., Laing, A.W. (2004), Public sector purchasing of health services: a comparison with private sector purchasing, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 10 No.6, pp.247-56. Michael Quayle, A School of Business, Management and Technology, Procurement; Sourcing; Decisions, University College Suffolk (Ipswich) Rope Walk Ipswich, IP4 1LT UK, May 2000 Moran, J., Avergun, A. (1997), Creating lasting change, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.146-51. Murray, J. (1999), Local government demands more from purchasing, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 5 No.1, pp.33-42. Paul D Cousinsa, Robert Spekmanb, B Darden Graduate Business School, University of Virginia, Strategic supply; Relationship management; Value; Performance measurement, Volume 9, January 2003, Pages 19-29 Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, Global Procurement: Motivations and Strategy ,Marketing Intelligence Planning, MCB UP Ltd, Year: 1994 Volume: 12 Page: 4 17 Veli-Matti Virolainen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Purchasing; Procurement; Procurement strategies; Buyer-supplier relationship, Volumes 56-57, 20 July 1999, Pages 677-688 www.Wiipedia.com. Procurement definition: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010 www.wiktionary.com Procurement definition: en. wiktionary.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010